Primary Definition: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables energy stored in electric vehicles to be fed back into the national electricity network (or ‘grid’) to help supply energy at times of peak demand. [1] Secondary Definition: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can be defined as a system in which there is a capability of control, bi-directional flow of electric […]

Primary Definition: Car-sharing is a service that provides members with access to a fleet of vehicles on an hourly basis [1]. Secondary Definition: Car-sharing provides a flexible alternative that meets diverse transportation needs across the globe while reducing the negative impact of private vehicle ownership [2]. 2. Background         Technology History: -The first official car-share operator […]

Primary Definition: Parking management system generally improves travel options, parking options, and pricing options. Parking management system is becoming increasing feasible, due to new technologies and services, and increasingly important, due to new planning goals. [1] Secondary Definition: Parking management system reduces car emissions in urban centers by reducing the need for people to needlessly […]

Primary definition LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. It is a technique for determining the distance to an object by emitting pulsed laser at the object and measuring the time taken by the light to return to the transmitter. [1] Secondary definition LIDAR system is a kind of radar system using light […]

Primary Definition: Coordinated autonomous driving (CAD) is an extension of the automated driving paradigm, in which vehicles are not only able to move without human intervention (automated), but are also coordinated in order to maximize the overall efficiency of the transport system (connected and coordinated) [1]. In generally, we define the coordinated autonomous driving in […]

Smart roads use Internet of Things (IoT) devices to make driving safer, more efficient, and greener. Smart roads combine physical infrastructures such as sensors and solar panels with software infrastructure like artificial intelligence  and big data [1].  Figure 7. Smart roads [Google] 2. Background         Technology History: -In 1990, Congressman Rick Boucher asked a congressional committee […]

Primary Definition: A hybrid car is a vehicle that is powered by two or more energy sources or converters and at least one of them can deliver electrical energy (1). As typical of hybrid vehicles, each energy source has a converter to generate energy for propulsion (2). Hybrid cars include, hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, […]

Primary Definition: Non-motorized Transportation (NMT) includes Walking and Bicycling, and variants such as Small-Wheeled Transport (skates, skateboards, push scooters and hand carts) and Wheelchair travel that do not rely on an engine or motor for movement [1]. Secondary Definition: These modes provide both recreation (they are an end in themselves) and transportation (they provide access […]

Primary Definition: Smart traffic signal is the system in which cars at intersections are controlled and monitored automatically using sensors that trigger the change of traffic light when they sense the presence of vehicles [1] Secondary Definition: Smart Traffic light/signal/system is a system where centrally-controlled traffic signals and sensors embedded in roads regulate the flow […]

Primary Definition: Unmanned driving is the technology in which a vehicle senses its environment and navigates or drives without man’s or driver’s intervention. The vehicle performs any and all driving tasks.[1]. Secondary Definition: Unmanned or autonomous vehicles detect surroundings using radar, LIDAR, GPS, Odometry, and computer vision. Advanced control systems in these vehicles interpret sensory […]